C++之引用

功能：给变量起别名

语法： 数据类型 &别名 = 原名

int main() {

	int a = 10;
	int &b = a;

	cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	cout << "b = " << b << endl;

	b = 100;

	cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	cout << "b = " << b << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

引用必须初始化
引用在初始化后，不可以改变

int main() {

	int a = 10;
	int b = 20;
	//int &c; //错误，引用必须初始化
	int &c = a; //一旦初始化后，就不可以更改
	c = b; //这是赋值操作，不是更改引用

	cout << "a = " << a << endl;
	cout << "b = " << b << endl;
	cout << "c = " << c << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

引用做函数参数，可以简化指针修改实参

//1. 值传递

void mySwap01(int a, int b) {
	int temp = a;
	a = b;
	b = temp;
}

//2. 地址传递
void mySwap02(int* a, int* b) {
	int temp = *a;
	*a = *b;
	*b = temp;
}

//3. 引用传递
void mySwap03(int& a, int& b) {
	int temp = a;
	a = b;
	b = temp;
}

int main() {

	int a = 10;
	int b = 20;

	mySwap01(a, b);
	cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;

	mySwap02(&a, &b);
	cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;

	mySwap03(a, b);
	cout << "a:" << a << " b:" << b << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

引用是可以作为函数的返回值存在的

注意：不要返回局部变量引用

//返回局部变量引用
int& test01() {
	int a = 10; //局部变量
	return a;
}

//返回静态变量引用
int& test02() {
	static int a = 20;
	return a;
}

int main() {

	//不能返回局部变量的引用
	int& ref = test01();
	cout << "ref = " << ref << endl;
	cout << "ref = " << ref << endl;

	//如果函数做左值，那么必须返回引用
	int& ref2 = test02();
	cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;
	cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;

	test02() = 1000;

	cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;
	cout << "ref2 = " << ref2 << endl;

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}

引用+const(常量引用）
在函数形参列表中，可以加const修饰形参，防止形参改变实参

//引用使用的场景，通常用来修饰形参
void showValue(const int& v) {
	//v += 10;
	cout << v << endl;
}

int main() {

	//int& ref = 10;  引用本身需要一个合法的内存空间，因此这行错误
	//加入const就可以了，编译器优化代码，int temp = 10; const int& ref = temp;
	const int& ref = 10;

	//ref = 100;  //加入const后不可以修改变量
	cout << ref << endl;

	//函数中利用常量引用防止误操作修改实参
	int a = 10;
	showValue(a);

	system("pause");

	return 0;
}