六、企业级架构缓存篇之memcached

一、memcached概述

1、网站架构优化流程:

LNMP架构中网站应用访问流程:

浏览器 (app) → web 服务器 → 后端服务 (php) → 数据库 (mysql)

访问流程越多,访问速度越慢,出现问题的几率也越大。

网站访问流程优化思路:

① 采用高性能的负载均衡设备;

② 页面静态化;

③ 引入缓存层,如使用Redis或Memcached,来缓存频繁访问的数据;

④ 优化数据库本身。

2、mencached介绍:

许多Web应用都将数据保存到 RDBMS (关系型数据库) 中,应用服务器从中读取数据并在浏览器中显示。 但随着数据量的增大、访问的集中,就会出现RDBMS的负担加重、数据库响应恶化、 网站显示延迟等重大影响。

Memcached 是高性能的分布式内存缓存服务器,通过缓存数据库查询结果,减少数据库访问次数,以提高动态Web等应用的速度, 提高可扩展性。

Web01/Web02 => memcached(内存) => MyCAT => MySQL01/MySQL02

3安装memcached软件:

克隆CentOS7生成一个memcached服务器,修改IP、UUID、主机名、hosts文件,关闭防火墙、selinux和NetworkManager。

(1) 架构图:

(2) 编译与安装:

tar -zxf memcached-1.5.8.tar.gz
cd memcached-1.5.8
yum install libevent-devel -y
yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ autoconf automake make
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/memcached
make && make install

(3) 查看目录:

cd /usr/local/memcahced

bin:memcached 二进制程序文件

include:memcached 依赖库文件

bin/memcached -h:

-p  设置memcached监听的端口,默认为11211

-d  启动一个守护进程deamon(后台运行)

-m 分配给memcached使用的内存数量,单位是MB,默认为64M

-u  运行memcached的用户

-l   监听服务器IP地址,可以有多个地址

-c  最大运行的并发连接数,默认是1024

-P 设置保存memcached的pid文件

(4) 启动memcached软件:

bin/memcached -uroot -d :以root用户启动memcached,后台运行

4、使用Telnet连接memcached:

(1) telnet概述:

Telnet协议是TCP/IP协议族中的一部分,是Internet远程登录服务的标准协议之一。

Telnet协议允许用户通过网络连接到远程主机,并在该主机上执行命令、访问文件、查看系统状态等。

由于Telnet协议的通信内容并未加密,存在安全风险,因此在实际应用中,Telnet通常被SSH(Secure Shell)所取代,SSH提供了加密的通信通道,更安全地实现了远程访问。

(2) 安装telnet并连接memcached

yum install telnet -y

telnet memcachedd服务器IP memcahced服务端口

回车后看到ERROR说明已经连接上memcached,ERROR是memcached对空命令的报错。

二、memcached常用管理命令

memcached操作的是计算机的内存空间,通过内存来缓存数据,其数据结构是一个key:value的键值对。

1、set命令与get命令:

(1) set 命令:

set key flag exptime bytes

set:set命令,用于设置键值对(存储数据)。

key:键名,必须是唯一的,同名会被覆盖。

flag:数据的标识位,0代表没有特殊标识。

exptime:过期时间,0代表不过期,单位为s。

bytes:存储数据的字节数。

(2) get命令:

get key

get:get命令,用于获取键值对信息(获取数据)。

key:键名,根据提供的键名,搜索指定的数据。

如果 key 不存在,则返回空:

get key1 key2

get 命令可一次获取多个键的值:

2、add命令与replace命令:

(1) add命令:

add key flag exptime bytes

add 命令用于将 value 存储在指定的 key 中,如果 add 的 key 已经存在,则不会更新。(修改键)

set 命令则会直接覆盖旧的 key。

出现NOT_STORED代表系统中已经存在了一个键名为name的键值对。

(2) replace命令:

replace key flag exptime bytes

replace 命令用于替换已存在的 key 的 value。(修改值)

如果 key不存在,则替换失败,响应 NOT_STORED。

3、append命令与prepend命令:

(1) append命令:

append key flag exptime bytes

append 命令用于向已存在 key 的 value 尾部追加数据(尾部追加)。

定义一个key=hw,存储数据hello,然后追加一个world:

(2) prepend命令:

prepend key flag exptime bytes

prepend 命令用于向已存在 key 的 value 前面追加数据(头部追加)。

定义一个name=hema,然后追加一个it到hema的前面:

4、delete命令与flush_all命令:

(1) delete命令:

delete key

delete 命令指定用于删除已存在的key。

(2) ush_all清空命令:

flush_all [time]

time:用于在指定时间后执行清空操作

清空memcached中的所有缓存的数据,生产环境下尽量不要使用。

5、计算命令与stats命令:

(1) 计算命令:

incr key value   =>  在原有值的基础上进行自增操作

decr key value  =>  在原有值的基础上进行自减操作

(2) stats命令:

stats命令用来获取memcached的运行信息。

cmd_get => memcached运行以来get获取的次数

cmd_set => memcached运行以来set设置的次数

get_hits => 缓存命中数,对于memcached服务器非常重要的指标

① 缓存命中率:get_hits/cmd_get

如果命中率低,业务代码缓存有问题 ;命中率为0,说明缓存没有起作用 。

缓存穿透:数据访问经过缓存,没有获取到数据,再直接访问数据库。

缓存雪崩:数据查询全部没有命中,直接访问数据库,数据压力上升。

解决方案:

当数据库中的数据发生变化时,应该尽快将这些变化同步到 Memcached 中;

合理设置缓存的失效时间,并将它们分布开,确保缓存的过期事件不会集中在某个时间点,避免缓存雪崩。

6、memcached注意事项:

① memcached最大过期时间:

过期时间设置最大为30天 (30x24x60x60=2592000s),超过后,其值无法设置进缓存;

② memcached单个key最大长度:

memcached的key的最大长度是250个字符,是memcached服务端的限制;

③ memcached单个item最大能存储:1M。

三、php安装memcached扩展

1、为什么需要扩展:

PHP默认不支持memcached连接,需要通过memcached扩展程序连接php与memcached。

PHP → mecached.so → Memcached

2、安装PHP Memcached扩展:

(1) 准备软件:

libmemcached-1.0.18.tar.gz :php memcached 扩展的依赖库

memcached-3.1.3.tgz :php memcached扩展

(2) 准备环境变量:

PHP扩展编译安装,需要web服务器支持phpize和php-cong

把php的bin目录配置到PATH中(web01 / web02):

echo 'export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/php/bin' >> /etc/profile
source /etc/profile

(3) 安装php memcached扩展:

安装libmemcached

tar xvf libmemcached-1.0.18.tar.gz
cd libmemcached-1.0.18

#指定安装目录编译configure脚本
./configure --prefix=/usr/local/libmemcached
make && make install

安装memcached.so:

tar -zxf memcached-3.1.3.tgz
cd memcached-3.1.3

#刚解压出来的memcached-3.1.3中没有configure脚本,需要运行phpize命令生成所需要的configure脚本
/usr/local/php/bin/phpize
./configure --with-libmemcached-dir=/usr/local/libmemcached --disable-memcached-sasl
make && make install

脚本安装:

#!/bin/bash

echo "====================================="
echo "1)安装libmemcached"
echo "2)安装memcached.so"
echo "====================================="

read -p "Please Input The Number 1 or 2 =>" key

libmemcached() {
    echo "Start Install libmemcached ..."
    sleep 1
    tar -zxf /root/libmemcached-1.0.18.tar.gz
    cd libmemcached-1.0.18
    ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/libmemcached
    make && make install
}

memcached() {
    echo "Start Install php memcached.so ..."
    sleep 1
    tar -zxf /root/memcached-3.1.3.tgz
    cd memcached-3.1.3
    /usr/local/php/bin/phpize
    ./configure --with-libmemcached-dir=/usr/local/libmemcached --disable-memcached-sasl
    make && make install
}

case $key in
    1)
      libmemcached
    ;;

    2)
      memcached
    ;;
esac

查看是否安装扩展:

/usr/local/php/lib/php/extensions/no-debug-zts-20170708:php扩展库的存储路径

(4) 在php.ini文件中开启memcached.so扩展:

vim /usr/local/php/etc/php.ini

extension=memcached.so #在第909行添加这行扩展

设置完成后,重启php-fpm服务:

service php-fpm restart

(5) 测试PHP Memcached扩展是否安装成功 :

在/home/www/public目录下创建一个demo.php文件:

<?php
    phpinfo();
?>

3、使用PHP操纵Memcached服务器:

在web服务器上编写php代码,通过php的memcached扩展与memcached服务器交互。

Web01/Web02的 home/www/public 下创建一个 demo.php:

<?php
    $mem=new Memcached(); //创建一个对象,用于与Memcached服务器进行通信
    $mem->addServer('10.1.1.20',11211); //指定Memcached服务监听的地址和端口
    $mem->set('name','itheima'); //使用set方法将一个键值对存储到Memcached中
    var_dump($mem->get('name')); //调试输出,输出 name这个键的内容
?>

先情况memcached内存中所有的key。

访问web服务器ip/demo.php,显示出在memcached服务器中存储的键值,说明PHP已经与memcached交互:

在memcached中可查看到name键值对。

4、memcached_tool:

(1) 作用:

用于查看memcached运行状态、有多少key(item)、内存使用了多少,以及查看缓存命中率等指标。

(2) 配置:

上传memcache_tools.php文件到Web服务器中的/home/www/public目录下

<?php
/*
  +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  | PHP Version 5                                                        |
  +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  | Copyright (c) 1997-2004 The PHP Group                                |
  +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  | This source file is subject to version 3.0 of the PHP license,       |
  | that is bundled with this package in the file LICENSE, and is        |
  | available through the world-wide-web at the following url:           |
  | http://www.php.net/license/3_0.txt.                                  |
  | If you did not receive a copy of the PHP license and are unable to   |
  | obtain it through the world-wide-web, please send a note to          |
  | license@php.net so we can mail you a copy immediately.               |
  +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
  | Author:  Harun Yayli <harunyayli at gmail.com>                       |
  +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
*/

$VERSION='$Id: memcache.php,v 1.1.2.3 2008/08/28 18:07:54 mikl Exp $';

define('ADMIN_USERNAME','root'); 	// Admin Username
define('ADMIN_PASSWORD','123456');  	// Admin Password
define('DATE_FORMAT','Y/m/d H:i:s');
define('GRAPH_SIZE',200);
define('MAX_ITEM_DUMP',50);

$MEMCACHE_SERVERS[] = '192.168.65.128:11211'; // add more as an array


// END OF DEFAULT CONFIG AREA /

/ Password protect 
if (!isset($_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_USER']) || !isset($_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_PW']) ||
           $_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_USER'] != ADMIN_USERNAME ||$_SERVER['PHP_AUTH_PW'] != ADMIN_PASSWORD) {
			Header("WWW-Authenticate: Basic realm=\"Memcache Login\"");
			Header("HTTP/1.0 401 Unauthorized");

			echo <<<EOB
				<html><body>
				<h1>Rejected!</h1>
				<big>Wrong Username or Password!</big>
				</body></html>
EOB;
			exit;
}

///MEMCACHE FUNCTIONS /

function sendMemcacheCommands($command){
    global $MEMCACHE_SERVERS;
	$result = array();

	foreach($MEMCACHE_SERVERS as $server){
		$strs = explode(':',$server);
		$host = $strs[0];
		$port = $strs[1];
		$result[$server] = sendMemcacheCommand($host,$port,$command);
	}
	return $result;
}
function sendMemcacheCommand($server,$port,$command){

	$s = @fsockopen($server,$port);
	if (!$s){
		die("Cant connect to:".$server.':'.$port);
	}

	fwrite($s, $command."\r\n");

	$buf='';
	while ((!feof($s))) {
		$buf .= fgets($s, 256);
		if (strpos($buf,"END\r\n")!==false){ // stat says end
		    break;
		}
		if (strpos($buf,"DELETED\r\n")!==false || strpos($buf,"NOT_FOUND\r\n")!==false){ // delete says these
		    break;
		}
		if (strpos($buf,"OK\r\n")!==false){ // flush_all says ok
		    break;
		}
	}
    fclose($s);
    return parseMemcacheResults($buf);
}
function parseMemcacheResults($str){

	$res = array();
	$lines = explode("\r\n",$str);
	$cnt = count($lines);
	for($i=0; $i< $cnt; $i++){
	    $line = $lines[$i];
		$l = explode(' ',$line,3);
		if (count($l)==3){
			$res[$l[0]][$l[1]]=$l[2];
			if ($l[0]=='VALUE'){ // next line is the value
			    $res[$l[0]][$l[1]] = array();
			    list ($flag,$size)=explode(' ',$l[2]);
			    $res[$l[0]][$l[1]]['stat']=array('flag'=>$flag,'size'=>$size);
			    $res[$l[0]][$l[1]]['value']=$lines[++$i];
			}
		}elseif($line=='DELETED' || $line=='NOT_FOUND' || $line=='OK'){
		    return $line;
		}
	}
	return $res;

}

function dumpCacheSlab($server,$slabId,$limit){
    list($host,$port) = explode(':',$server);
    $resp = sendMemcacheCommand($host,$port,'stats cachedump '.$slabId.' '.$limit);

   return $resp;

}

function flushServer($server){
    list($host,$port) = explode(':',$server);
    $resp = sendMemcacheCommand($host,$port,'flush_all');
    return $resp;
}
function getCacheItems(){
 $items = sendMemcacheCommands('stats items');
 $serverItems = array();
 $totalItems = array();
 foreach ($items as $server=>$itemlist){
    $serverItems[$server] = array();
    $totalItems[$server]=0;
    if (!isset($itemlist['STAT'])){
        continue;
    }

    $iteminfo = $itemlist['STAT'];

    foreach($iteminfo as $keyinfo=>$value){
        if (preg_match('/items\:(\d+?)\:(.+?)$/',$keyinfo,$matches)){
            $serverItems[$server][$matches[1]][$matches[2]] = $value;
            if ($matches[2]=='number'){
                $totalItems[$server] +=$value;
            }
        }
    }
 }
 return array('items'=>$serverItems,'counts'=>$totalItems);
}
function getMemcacheStats($total=true){
	$resp = sendMemcacheCommands('stats');
	if ($total){
		$res = array();
		foreach($resp as $server=>$r){
			foreach($r['STAT'] as $key=>$row){
				if (!isset($res[$key])){
					$res[$key]=null;
				}
				switch ($key){
					case 'pid':
						$res['pid'][$server]=$row;
						break;
					case 'uptime':
						$res['uptime'][$server]=$row;
						break;
					case 'time':
						$res['time'][$server]=$row;
						break;
					case 'version':
						$res['version'][$server]=$row;
						break;
					case 'pointer_size':
						$res['pointer_size'][$server]=$row;
						break;
					case 'rusage_user':
						$res['rusage_user'][$server]=$row;
						break;
					case 'rusage_system':
						$res['rusage_system'][$server]=$row;
						break;
					case 'curr_items':
						$res['curr_items']+=$row;
						break;
					case 'total_items':
						$res['total_items']+=$row;
						break;
					case 'bytes':
						$res['bytes']+=$row;
						break;
					case 'curr_connections':
						$res['curr_connections']+=$row;
						break;
					case 'total_connections':
						$res['total_connections']+=$row;
						break;
					case 'connection_structures':
						$res['connection_structures']+=$row;
						break;
					case 'cmd_get':
						$res['cmd_get']+=$row;
						break;
					case 'cmd_set':
						$res['cmd_set']+=$row;
						break;
					case 'get_hits':
						$res['get_hits']+=$row;
						break;
					case 'get_misses':
						$res['get_misses']+=$row;
						break;
					case 'evictions':
						$res['evictions']+=$row;
						break;
					case 'bytes_read':
						$res['bytes_read']+=$row;
						break;
					case 'bytes_written':
						$res['bytes_written']+=$row;
						break;
					case 'limit_maxbytes':
						$res['limit_maxbytes']+=$row;
						break;
					case 'threads':
						$res['rusage_system'][$server]=$row;
						break;
				}
			}
		}
		return $res;
	}
	return $resp;
}

//

//
// don't cache this page
//
header("Cache-Control: no-store, no-cache, must-revalidate");  // HTTP/1.1
header("Cache-Control: post-check=0, pre-check=0", false);
header("Pragma: no-cache");                                    // HTTP/1.0

function duration($ts) {
    global $time;
    $years = (int)((($time - $ts)/(7*86400))/52.177457);
    $rem = (int)(($time-$ts)-($years * 52.177457 * 7 * 86400));
    $weeks = (int)(($rem)/(7*86400));
    $days = (int)(($rem)/86400) - $weeks*7;
    $hours = (int)(($rem)/3600) - $days*24 - $weeks*7*24;
    $mins = (int)(($rem)/60) - $hours*60 - $days*24*60 - $weeks*7*24*60;
    $str = '';
    if($years==1) $str .= "$years year, ";
    if($years>1) $str .= "$years years, ";
    if($weeks==1) $str .= "$weeks week, ";
    if($weeks>1) $str .= "$weeks weeks, ";
    if($days==1) $str .= "$days day,";
    if($days>1) $str .= "$days days,";
    if($hours == 1) $str .= " $hours hour and";
    if($hours>1) $str .= " $hours hours and";
    if($mins == 1) $str .= " 1 minute";
    else $str .= " $mins minutes";
    return $str;
}

// create graphics
//
function graphics_avail() {
	return extension_loaded('gd');
}

function bsize($s) {
	foreach (array('','K','M','G') as $i => $k) {
		if ($s < 1024) break;
		$s/=1024;
	}
	return sprintf("%5.1f %sBytes",$s,$k);
}

// create menu entry
function menu_entry($ob,$title) {
	global $PHP_SELF;
	if ($ob==$_GET['op']){
	    return "<li><a class=\"child_active\" href=\"$PHP_SELF&op=$ob\">$title</a></li>";
	}
	return "<li><a class=\"active\" href=\"$PHP_SELF&op=$ob\">$title</a></li>";
}

function getHeader(){
    $header = <<<EOB
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html>
<head><title>MEMCACHE INFO</title>
<style type="text/css"><!--
body { background:white; font-size:100.01%; margin:0; padding:0; }
body,p,td,th,input,submit { font-size:0.8em;font-family:arial,helvetica,sans-serif; }
* html body   {font-size:0.8em}
* html p      {font-size:0.8em}
* html td     {font-size:0.8em}
* html th     {font-size:0.8em}
* html input  {font-size:0.8em}
* html submit {font-size:0.8em}
td { vertical-align:top }
a { color:black; font-weight:none; text-decoration:none; }
a:hover { text-decoration:underline; }
div.content { padding:1em 1em 1em 1em; position:absolute; width:97%; z-index:100; }

h1.memcache { background:rgb(153,153,204); margin:0; padding:0.5em 1em 0.5em 1em; }
* html h1.memcache { margin-bottom:-7px; }
h1.memcache a:hover { text-decoration:none; color:rgb(90,90,90); }
h1.memcache span.logo {
	background:rgb(119,123,180);
	color:black;
	border-right: solid black 1px;
	border-bottom: solid black 1px;
	font-style:italic;
	font-size:1em;
	padding-left:1.2em;
	padding-right:1.2em;
	text-align:right;
	display:block;
	width:130px;
	}
h1.memcache span.logo span.name { color:white; font-size:0.7em; padding:0 0.8em 0 2em; }
h1.memcache span.nameinfo { color:white; display:inline; font-size:0.4em; margin-left: 3em; }
h1.memcache div.copy { color:black; font-size:0.4em; position:absolute; right:1em; }
hr.memcache {
	background:white;
	border-bottom:solid rgb(102,102,153) 1px;
	border-style:none;
	border-top:solid rgb(102,102,153) 10px;
	height:12px;
	margin:0;
	margin-top:1px;
	padding:0;
}

ol,menu { margin:1em 0 0 0; padding:0.2em; margin-left:1em;}
ol.menu li { display:inline; margin-right:0.7em; list-style:none; font-size:85%}
ol.menu a {
	background:rgb(153,153,204);
	border:solid rgb(102,102,153) 2px;
	color:white;
	font-weight:bold;
	margin-right:0em;
	padding:0.1em 0.5em 0.1em 0.5em;
	text-decoration:none;
	margin-left: 5px;
	}
ol.menu a.child_active {
	background:rgb(153,153,204);
	border:solid rgb(102,102,153) 2px;
	color:white;
	font-weight:bold;
	margin-right:0em;
	padding:0.1em 0.5em 0.1em 0.5em;
	text-decoration:none;
	border-left: solid black 5px;
	margin-left: 0px;
	}
ol.menu span.active {
	background:rgb(153,153,204);
	border:solid rgb(102,102,153) 2px;
	color:black;
	font-weight:bold;
	margin-right:0em;
	padding:0.1em 0.5em 0.1em 0.5em;
	text-decoration:none;
	border-left: solid black 5px;
	}
ol.menu span.inactive {
	background:rgb(193,193,244);
	border:solid rgb(182,182,233) 2px;
	color:white;
	font-weight:bold;
	margin-right:0em;
	padding:0.1em 0.5em 0.1em 0.5em;
	text-decoration:none;
	margin-left: 5px;
	}
ol.menu a:hover {
	background:rgb(193,193,244);
	text-decoration:none;
	}


div.info {
	background:rgb(204,204,204);
	border:solid rgb(204,204,204) 1px;
	margin-bottom:1em;
	}
div.info h2 {
	background:rgb(204,204,204);
	color:black;
	font-size:1em;
	margin:0;
	padding:0.1em 1em 0.1em 1em;
	}
div.info table {
	border:solid rgb(204,204,204) 1px;
	border-spacing:0;
	width:100%;
	}
div.info table th {
	background:rgb(204,204,204);
	color:white;
	margin:0;
	padding:0.1em 1em 0.1em 1em;
	}
div.info table th a.sortable { color:black; }
div.info table tr.tr-0 { background:rgb(238,238,238); }
div.info table tr.tr-1 { background:rgb(221,221,221); }
div.info table td { padding:0.3em 1em 0.3em 1em; }
div.info table td.td-0 { border-right:solid rgb(102,102,153) 1px; white-space:nowrap; }
div.info table td.td-n { border-right:solid rgb(102,102,153) 1px; }
div.info table td h3 {
	color:black;
	font-size:1.1em;
	margin-left:-0.3em;
	}
.td-0 a , .td-n a, .tr-0 a , tr-1 a {
    text-decoration:underline;
}
div.graph { margin-bottom:1em }
div.graph h2 { background:rgb(204,204,204);; color:black; font-size:1em; margin:0; padding:0.1em 1em 0.1em 1em; }
div.graph table { border:solid rgb(204,204,204) 1px; color:black; font-weight:normal; width:100%; }
div.graph table td.td-0 { background:rgb(238,238,238); }
div.graph table td.td-1 { background:rgb(221,221,221); }
div.graph table td { padding:0.2em 1em 0.4em 1em; }

div.div1,div.div2 { margin-bottom:1em; width:35em; }
div.div3 { position:absolute; left:40em; top:1em; width:580px; }
//div.div3 { position:absolute; left:37em; top:1em; right:1em; }

div.sorting { margin:1.5em 0em 1.5em 2em }
.center { text-align:center }
.aright { position:absolute;right:1em }
.right { text-align:right }
.ok { color:rgb(0,200,0); font-weight:bold}
.failed { color:rgb(200,0,0); font-weight:bold}

span.box {
	border: black solid 1px;
	border-right:solid black 2px;
	border-bottom:solid black 2px;
	padding:0 0.5em 0 0.5em;
	margin-right:1em;
}
span.green { background:#60F060; padding:0 0.5em 0 0.5em}
span.red { background:#D06030; padding:0 0.5em 0 0.5em }

div.authneeded {
	background:rgb(238,238,238);
	border:solid rgb(204,204,204) 1px;
	color:rgb(200,0,0);
	font-size:1.2em;
	font-weight:bold;
	padding:2em;
	text-align:center;
	}

input {
	background:rgb(153,153,204);
	border:solid rgb(102,102,153) 2px;
	color:white;
	font-weight:bold;
	margin-right:1em;
	padding:0.1em 0.5em 0.1em 0.5em;
	}
//-->
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div class="head">
	<h1 class="memcache">
		<span class="logo"><a href="http://pecl.php.net/package/memcache">memcache</a></span>
		<span class="nameinfo">memcache.php by <a href="http://livebookmark.net">Harun Yayli</a></span>
	</h1>
	<hr class="memcache">
</div>
<div class=content>
EOB;

    return $header;
}
function getFooter(){
    global $VERSION;
    $footer = '</div><!-- Based on apc.php '.$VERSION.'--></body>
</html>
';

    return $footer;

}
function getMenu(){
    global $PHP_SELF;
echo "<ol class=menu>";
if ($_GET['op']!=4){
echo <<<EOB
    <li><a href="$PHP_SELF&op={$_GET['op']}">Refresh Data</a></li>
EOB;
}
else {
echo <<<EOB
    <li><a href="$PHP_SELF&op=2}">Back</a></li>
EOB;
}
echo
	menu_entry(1,'View Host Stats'),
	menu_entry(2,'Variables');

echo <<<EOB
	</ol>
	<br/>
EOB;
}

// TODO, AUTH

$_GET['op'] = !isset($_GET['op'])? '1':$_GET['op'];
$PHP_SELF= isset($_SERVER['PHP_SELF']) ? htmlentities(strip_tags($_SERVER['PHP_SELF'],'')) : '';

$PHP_SELF=$PHP_SELF.'?';
$time = time();
// sanitize _GET

foreach($_GET as $key=>$g){
    $_GET[$key]=htmlentities($g);
}


// singleout
// when singleout is set, it only gives details for that server.
if (isset($_GET['singleout']) && $_GET['singleout']>=0 && $_GET['singleout'] <count($MEMCACHE_SERVERS)){
    $MEMCACHE_SERVERS = array($MEMCACHE_SERVERS[$_GET['singleout']]);
}

// display images
if (isset($_GET['IMG'])){
    $memcacheStats = getMemcacheStats();
    $memcacheStatsSingle = getMemcacheStats(false);

    if (!graphics_avail()) {
		exit(0);
	}

	function fill_box($im, $x, $y, $w, $h, $color1, $color2,$text='',$placeindex='') {
		global $col_black;
		$x1=$x+$w-1;
		$y1=$y+$h-1;

		imagerectangle($im, $x, $y1, $x1+1, $y+1, $col_black);
		if($y1>$y) imagefilledrectangle($im, $x, $y, $x1, $y1, $color2);
		else imagefilledrectangle($im, $x, $y1, $x1, $y, $color2);
		imagerectangle($im, $x, $y1, $x1, $y, $color1);
		if ($text) {
			if ($placeindex>0) {

				if ($placeindex<16)
				{
					$px=5;
					$py=$placeindex*12+6;
					imagefilledrectangle($im, $px+90, $py+3, $px+90-4, $py-3, $color2);
					imageline($im,$x,$y+$h/2,$px+90,$py,$color2);
					imagestring($im,2,$px,$py-6,$text,$color1);

				} else {
					if ($placeindex<31) {
						$px=$x+40*2;
						$py=($placeindex-15)*12+6;
					} else {
						$px=$x+40*2+100*intval(($placeindex-15)/15);
						$py=($placeindex%15)*12+6;
					}
					imagefilledrectangle($im, $px, $py+3, $px-4, $py-3, $color2);
					imageline($im,$x+$w,$y+$h/2,$px,$py,$color2);
					imagestring($im,2,$px+2,$py-6,$text,$color1);
				}
			} else {
				imagestring($im,4,$x+5,$y1-16,$text,$color1);
			}
		}
	}


    function fill_arc($im, $centerX, $centerY, $diameter, $start, $end, $color1,$color2,$text='',$placeindex=0) {
		$r=$diameter/2;
		$w=deg2rad((360+$start+($end-$start)/2)%360);


		if (function_exists("imagefilledarc")) {
			// exists only if GD 2.0.1 is avaliable
			imagefilledarc($im, $centerX+1, $centerY+1, $diameter, $diameter, $start, $end, $color1, IMG_ARC_PIE);
			imagefilledarc($im, $centerX, $centerY, $diameter, $diameter, $start, $end, $color2, IMG_ARC_PIE);
			imagefilledarc($im, $centerX, $centerY, $diameter, $diameter, $start, $end, $color1, IMG_ARC_NOFILL|IMG_ARC_EDGED);
		} else {
			imagearc($im, $centerX, $centerY, $diameter, $diameter, $start, $end, $color2);
			imageline($im, $centerX, $centerY, $centerX + cos(deg2rad($start)) * $r, $centerY + sin(deg2rad($start)) * $r, $color2);
			imageline($im, $centerX, $centerY, $centerX + cos(deg2rad($start+1)) * $r, $centerY + sin(deg2rad($start)) * $r, $color2);
			imageline($im, $centerX, $centerY, $centerX + cos(deg2rad($end-1))   * $r, $centerY + sin(deg2rad($end))   * $r, $color2);
			imageline($im, $centerX, $centerY, $centerX + cos(deg2rad($end))   * $r, $centerY + sin(deg2rad($end))   * $r, $color2);
			imagefill($im,$centerX + $r*cos($w)/2, $centerY + $r*sin($w)/2, $color2);
		}
		if ($text) {
			if ($placeindex>0) {
				imageline($im,$centerX + $r*cos($w)/2, $centerY + $r*sin($w)/2,$diameter, $placeindex*12,$color1);
				imagestring($im,4,$diameter, $placeindex*12,$text,$color1);

			} else {
				imagestring($im,4,$centerX + $r*cos($w)/2, $centerY + $r*sin($w)/2,$text,$color1);
			}
		}
	}
	$size = GRAPH_SIZE; // image size
	$image = imagecreate($size+50, $size+10);

	$col_white = imagecolorallocate($image, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF);
	$col_red   = imagecolorallocate($image, 0xD0, 0x60,  0x30);
	$col_green = imagecolorallocate($image, 0x60, 0xF0, 0x60);
	$col_black = imagecolorallocate($image,   0,   0,   0);

	imagecolortransparent($image,$col_white);

    switch ($_GET['IMG']){
        case 1: // pie chart
            $tsize=$memcacheStats['limit_maxbytes'];
    		$avail=$tsize-$memcacheStats['bytes'];
    		$x=$y=$size/2;
    		$angle_from = 0;
    		$fuzz = 0.000001;

            foreach($memcacheStatsSingle as $serv=>$mcs) {
    			$free = $mcs['STAT']['limit_maxbytes']-$mcs['STAT']['bytes'];
    			$used = $mcs['STAT']['bytes'];


                if ($free>0){
    			// draw free
    			    $angle_to = ($free*360)/$tsize;
                    $perc =sprintf("%.2f%%", ($free *100) / $tsize) ;

        			fill_arc($image,$x,$y,$size,$angle_from,$angle_from + $angle_to ,$col_black,$col_green,$perc);
        			$angle_from = $angle_from + $angle_to ;
                }
    			if ($used>0){
    			// draw used
        			$angle_to = ($used*360)/$tsize;
        			$perc =sprintf("%.2f%%", ($used *100) / $tsize) ;
        			fill_arc($image,$x,$y,$size,$angle_from,$angle_from + $angle_to ,$col_black,$col_red, '('.$perc.')' );
                    $angle_from = $angle_from+ $angle_to ;
    			}
    			}

        break;

        case 2: // hit miss

            $hits = ($memcacheStats['get_hits']==0) ? 1:$memcacheStats['get_hits'];
            $misses = ($memcacheStats['get_misses']==0) ? 1:$memcacheStats['get_misses'];
            $total = $hits + $misses ;

	       	fill_box($image, 30,$size,50,-$hits*($size-21)/$total,$col_black,$col_green,sprintf("%.1f%%",$hits*100/$total));
		    fill_box($image,130,$size,50,-max(4,($total-$hits)*($size-21)/$total),$col_black,$col_red,sprintf("%.1f%%",$misses*100/$total));
		break;

    }
    header("Content-type: image/png");
	imagepng($image);
	exit;
}

echo getHeader();
echo getMenu();

switch ($_GET['op']) {

    case 1: // host stats
    	$phpversion = phpversion();
        $memcacheStats = getMemcacheStats();
        $memcacheStatsSingle = getMemcacheStats(false);

        $mem_size = $memcacheStats['limit_maxbytes'];
    	$mem_used = $memcacheStats['bytes'];
	    $mem_avail= $mem_size-$mem_used;
	    $startTime = time()-array_sum($memcacheStats['uptime']);

        $curr_items = $memcacheStats['curr_items'];
        $total_items = $memcacheStats['total_items'];
        $hits = ($memcacheStats['get_hits']==0) ? 1:$memcacheStats['get_hits'];
        $misses = ($memcacheStats['get_misses']==0) ? 1:$memcacheStats['get_misses'];
        $sets = $memcacheStats['cmd_set'];

       	$req_rate = sprintf("%.2f",($hits+$misses)/($time-$startTime));
	    $hit_rate = sprintf("%.2f",($hits)/($time-$startTime));
	    $miss_rate = sprintf("%.2f",($misses)/($time-$startTime));
	    $set_rate = sprintf("%.2f",($sets)/($time-$startTime));

	    echo <<< EOB
		<div class="info div1"><h2>General Cache Information</h2>
		<table cellspacing=0><tbody>
		<tr class=tr-1><td class=td-0>PHP Version</td><td>$phpversion</td></tr>
EOB;
		echo "<tr class=tr-0><td class=td-0>Memcached Host". ((count($MEMCACHE_SERVERS)>1) ? 's':'')."</td><td>";
		$i=0;
		if (!isset($_GET['singleout']) && count($MEMCACHE_SERVERS)>1){
    		foreach($MEMCACHE_SERVERS as $server){
    		      echo ($i+1).'. <a href="'.$PHP_SELF.'&singleout='.$i++.'">'.$server.'</a><br/>';
    		}
		}
		else{
		    echo '1.'.$MEMCACHE_SERVERS[0];
		}
		if (isset($_GET['singleout'])){
		      echo '<a href="'.$PHP_SELF.'">(all servers)</a><br/>';
		}
		echo "</td></tr>\n";
		echo "<tr class=tr-1><td class=td-0>Total Memcache Cache</td><td>".bsize($memcacheStats['limit_maxbytes'])."</td></tr>\n";

	echo <<<EOB
		</tbody></table>
		</div>

		<div class="info div1"><h2>Memcache Server Information</h2>
EOB;
        foreach($MEMCACHE_SERVERS as $server){
            echo '<table cellspacing=0><tbody>';
            echo '<tr class=tr-1><td class=td-1>'.$server.'</td><td><a href="'.$PHP_SELF.'&server='.array_search($server,$MEMCACHE_SERVERS).'&op=6">[<b>Flush this server</b>]</a></td></tr>';
    		echo '<tr class=tr-0><td class=td-0>Start Time</td><td>',date(DATE_FORMAT,$memcacheStatsSingle[$server]['STAT']['time']-$memcacheStatsSingle[$server]['STAT']['uptime']),'</td></tr>';
    		echo '<tr class=tr-1><td class=td-0>Uptime</td><td>',duration($memcacheStatsSingle[$server]['STAT']['time']-$memcacheStatsSingle[$server]['STAT']['uptime']),'</td></tr>';
    		echo '<tr class=tr-0><td class=td-0>Memcached Server Version</td><td>'.$memcacheStatsSingle[$server]['STAT']['version'].'</td></tr>';
    		echo '<tr class=tr-1><td class=td-0>Used Cache Size</td><td>',bsize($memcacheStatsSingle[$server]['STAT']['bytes']),'</td></tr>';
    		echo '<tr class=tr-0><td class=td-0>Total Cache Size</td><td>',bsize($memcacheStatsSingle[$server]['STAT']['limit_maxbytes']),'</td></tr>';
    		echo '</tbody></table>';
	   }
    echo <<<EOB

		</div>
		<div class="graph div3"><h2>Host Status Diagrams</h2>
		<table cellspacing=0><tbody>
EOB;

	$size='width='.(GRAPH_SIZE+50).' height='.(GRAPH_SIZE+10);
	echo <<<EOB
		<tr>
		<td class=td-0>Cache Usage</td>
		<td class=td-1>Hits &amp; Misses</td>
		</tr>
EOB;

	echo
		graphics_avail() ?
			  '<tr>'.
			  "<td class=td-0><img alt=\"\" $size src=\"$PHP_SELF&IMG=1&".(isset($_GET['singleout'])? 'singleout='.$_GET['singleout'].'&':'')."$time\"></td>".
			  "<td class=td-1><img alt=\"\" $size src=\"$PHP_SELF&IMG=2&".(isset($_GET['singleout'])? 'singleout='.$_GET['singleout'].'&':'')."$time\"></td></tr>\n"
			: "",
		'<tr>',
		'<td class=td-0><span class="green box">&nbsp;</span>Free: ',bsize($mem_avail).sprintf(" (%.1f%%)",$mem_avail*100/$mem_size),"</td>\n",
		'<td class=td-1><span class="green box">&nbsp;</span>Hits: ',$hits.sprintf(" (%.1f%%)",$hits*100/($hits+$misses)),"</td>\n",
		'</tr>',
		'<tr>',
		'<td class=td-0><span class="red box">&nbsp;</span>Used: ',bsize($mem_used ).sprintf(" (%.1f%%)",$mem_used *100/$mem_size),"</td>\n",
		'<td class=td-1><span class="red box">&nbsp;</span>Misses: ',$misses.sprintf(" (%.1f%%)",$misses*100/($hits+$misses)),"</td>\n";
		echo <<< EOB
	</tr>
	</tbody></table>
<br/>
	<div class="info"><h2>Cache Information</h2>
		<table cellspacing=0><tbody>
		<tr class=tr-0><td class=td-0>Current Items(total)</td><td>$curr_items ($total_items)</td></tr>
		<tr class=tr-1><td class=td-0>Hits</td><td>{$hits}</td></tr>
		<tr class=tr-0><td class=td-0>Misses</td><td>{$misses}</td></tr>
		<tr class=tr-1><td class=td-0>Request Rate (hits, misses)</td><td>$req_rate cache requests/second</td></tr>
		<tr class=tr-0><td class=td-0>Hit Rate</td><td>$hit_rate cache requests/second</td></tr>
		<tr class=tr-1><td class=td-0>Miss Rate</td><td>$miss_rate cache requests/second</td></tr>
		<tr class=tr-0><td class=td-0>Set Rate</td><td>$set_rate cache requests/second</td></tr>
		</tbody></table>
		</div>

EOB;

    break;

    case 2: // variables

		$m=0;
		$cacheItems= getCacheItems();
		$items = $cacheItems['items'];
		$totals = $cacheItems['counts'];
		$maxDump = MAX_ITEM_DUMP;
		foreach($items as $server => $entries) {

    	echo <<< EOB

			<div class="info"><table cellspacing=0><tbody>
			<tr><th colspan="2">$server</th></tr>
			<tr><th>Slab Id</th><th>Info</th></tr>
EOB;

			foreach($entries as $slabId => $slab) {
			    $dumpUrl = $PHP_SELF.'&op=2&server='.(array_search($server,$MEMCACHE_SERVERS)).'&dumpslab='.$slabId;
				echo
					"<tr class=tr-$m>",
					"<td class=td-0><center>",'<a href="',$dumpUrl,'">',$slabId,'</a>',"</center></td>",
					"<td class=td-last><b>Item count:</b> ",$slab['number'],'<br/><b>Age:</b>',duration($time-$slab['age']),'<br/> <b>Evicted:</b>',((isset($slab['evicted']) && $slab['evicted']==1)? 'Yes':'No');
					if ((isset($_GET['dumpslab']) && $_GET['dumpslab']==$slabId) &&  (isset($_GET['server']) && $_GET['server']==array_search($server,$MEMCACHE_SERVERS))){
					    echo "<br/><b>Items: item</b><br/>";
					    $items = dumpCacheSlab($server,$slabId,$slab['number']);
                        // maybe someone likes to do a pagination here :)
					    $i=1;
                        foreach($items['ITEM'] as $itemKey=>$itemInfo){
                            $itemInfo = trim($itemInfo,'[ ]');


                            echo '<a href="',$PHP_SELF,'&op=4&server=',(array_search($server,$MEMCACHE_SERVERS)),'&key=',base64_encode($itemKey).'">',$itemKey,'</a>';
                            if ($i++ % 10 == 0) {
                                echo '<br/>';
                            }
                            elseif ($i!=$slab['number']+1){
                                echo ',';
                            }
                        }
					}

					echo "</td></tr>";
				$m=1-$m;
			}
		echo <<<EOB
			</tbody></table>
			</div><hr/>
EOB;
}
		break;

    break;

    case 4: //item dump
        if (!isset($_GET['key']) || !isset($_GET['server'])){
            echo "No key set!";
            break;
        }
        // I'm not doing anything to check the validity of the key string.
        // probably an exploit can be written to delete all the files in key=base64_encode("\n\r delete all").
        // somebody has to do a fix to this.
        $theKey = htmlentities(base64_decode($_GET['key']));

        $theserver = $MEMCACHE_SERVERS[(int)$_GET['server']];
        list($h,$p) = explode(':',$theserver);
        $r = sendMemcacheCommand($h,$p,'get '.$theKey);
        echo <<<EOB
        <div class="info"><table cellspacing=0><tbody>
			<tr><th>Server<th>Key</th><th>Value</th><th>Delete</th></tr>
EOB;
        echo "<tr><td class=td-0>",$theserver,"</td><td class=td-0>",$theKey,
             " <br/>flag:",$r['VALUE'][$theKey]['stat']['flag'],
             " <br/>Size:",bsize($r['VALUE'][$theKey]['stat']['size']),
             "</td><td>",chunk_split($r['VALUE'][$theKey]['value'],40),"</td>",
             '<td><a href="',$PHP_SELF,'&op=5&server=',(int)$_GET['server'],'&key=',base64_encode($theKey),"\">Delete</a></td>","</tr>";
        echo <<<EOB
			</tbody></table>
			</div><hr/>
EOB;
    break;
    case 5: // item delete
    	if (!isset($_GET['key']) || !isset($_GET['server'])){
			echo "No key set!";
			break;
        }
        $theKey = htmlentities(base64_decode($_GET['key']));
		$theserver = $MEMCACHE_SERVERS[(int)$_GET['server']];
		list($h,$p) = explode(':',$theserver);
        $r = sendMemcacheCommand($h,$p,'delete '.$theKey);
        echo 'Deleting '.$theKey.':'.$r;
	break;

   case 6: // flush server
        $theserver = $MEMCACHE_SERVERS[(int)$_GET['server']];
        $r = flushServer($theserver);
        echo 'Flush  '.$theserver.":".$r;
   break;
}
echo getFooter();

?>

在memcache_tools.php文件中设置memcached服务器地址与相关信息:

ADMIN_USERNAME root #22行,登录memcache_tool的默认用户名
ADMIN_PASSWORD 123456 #23行,登录memcache_tool的默认密码
$MEMCACHE_SERVERS[] ='Memcached服务器地址:11211' #配置memcached服务器地址和端口

登录后可查看memcached服务器的相关信息:

memcached中存储的键值对:

5、Memcached缓存失效机制:

(1) Lazy Expiration(惰性过期)

在Memcached中,惰性过期是一种节省CPU资源的策略。Memcached不会在后台主动检查每个键是否过期,而是当客户端尝试获取一个键时,Memcached会检查该键的过期时间戳,如果该键已经过期,那么它不会被返回给客户端,并从缓存中删除。

(2) Least Recently Used(LRU 替换策略)

LRU策略是一种常用的缓存替换策略,当Memcached的内存空间不足以存储新数据时,它根据数据项最后一次被访问的时间来做出决策。即最近最少使用的数据项将被删除,并将其空间分配给新的记录。

四、session入库

1、为什么需要session入库:

由于负载均衡需要对用户的请求进行分发操作,每个服务器有自己的Session文件存储,如果用户的请求被分发到了之前没有处理过该用户的服务器,那么该服务器就无法找到对应的Session数据,从而导致Session失效。

解决方案:

使用负载均衡算法:如Nginx的ip_hash算法,确保来自同一用户的请求总是被分发到同一台服务器上。

把Session入库:将所有服务器的Session数据集中存储在一个共享的位置,例如数据库或分布式缓存系统。这样,无论用户的请求被分发到哪个服务器,都可以从共享的位置获取到Session数据。

2、DSShop商城系统中的Session入库:

(1) 修改lB负载均衡器配置文件:

先注释掉在第五节配置过的ip_hash,使负载均衡算法为轮询。

(2) 需要配置session入库的文件:

在需要进行登录操作的界面配置session入库。

home文件夹:用户的前端界面,用户登录;

admin文件夹:管理员的后端界面,管理员登录。

(3) 修改文件:

① 前台:修改/home/下的config.php

vim /home/www/application/home/config.php

添加驱动方式和memcached服务器地址:

查看前端界面的session缓存:

前端界面登录信息的session缓存:

② 后台:修改/admin/下的config.php

vim /home/www/application/admin/config.php

修改方式与前台类似:

● 后台除了修改/admin/config.php文件之外,还需要修改总的配置文件,才能使session共享。

vim /home/www/application/config.php

登录后台:

后台登录信息的session缓存:

五、memcached单机多实例:

在一台机器上运行多个memcached实例,每个memcached设置单独的端口号。

/usr/local/memcached/bin /memcached -uroot -d -p 11211

/usr/local/memcached/bin /memcached -uroot -d -p 11212

/usr/local/memcached/bin /memcached -uroot -d -p 11213

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