【Git】08 多人单分支协作场景

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一、场景1：不同人修改不同文件

1.1 场景描述

假定A、B两用户对Git项目做操作，遇到场景：B在提交了一次commit之后，A将项目clone了下来，并在此基础上进行操作，但B又继续进行操作更新（对不同文件进行修改）并再次提交了commit到服务端。

1.2 场景复现

1.2.1 克隆到本地

用户B将远端库上的项目代码clone到本地，准备在此基础上进行项目代码的修改：

git clone https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git test

git config --add --local user.name tom
git config --add --local user.email tom@163.com

1.2.2 新建分支

在远端库Web端仓库中新建分支，用于测试环境：

B的本地端更新远程库，将新建的分支纳入到本地：

git remote update
Fetching gitee
From https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test
 * [new branch]      add_commands -> gitee/add_commands

git branch -av
* master                     73c6ad9 merge readme
  temp                       1395813 add readme
  remotes/gitee/add_commands 73c6ad9 merge readme
  remotes/gitee/master       73c6ad9 merge readme
  remotes/gitee/temp         1395813 add readme

1.2.3 B修改、提交与推送

B进入到新分支中，修改其下的readme文件内容，并最终推送到远端服务器上。

git checkout -b add_commands gitee/add_commands
Switched to a new branch 'add_commands'
branch 'add_commands' set up to track 'gitee/add_commands'.

~/Desktop/test (add_commands)
vi readme

~/Desktop/test (add_commands)
git add -u

~/Desktop/test (add_commands)
git status
On branch add_commands
Your branch is up to date with 'gitee/add_commands'.

Changes to be committed:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
        modified:   readme


~/Desktop/test (add_commands)
git commit -m 'add commands in readme'
[add_commands a82933e] add commands in readme
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

~/Desktop/test (add_commands)
git push
Enumerating objects: 5, done.
Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
Delta compression using up to 6 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 310 bytes | 103.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
   73c6ad9..a82933e  add_commands -> add_commands

1.2.4 A修改与提交

用户A看到了B的最新一次提交后，准备在此基础上修改add_commands分支上的文件内容。

git branch -av
* master                      73c6ad9 merge readme
  remotes/origin/HEAD         -> origin/master
  remotes/origin/add_commands a82933e add commands in readme
  remotes/origin/master       73c6ad9 merge readme
  remotes/origin/temp         1395813 add readme

# 切换到分支上，若本地没有则自动创建，并与远程库中的同步分支进行关联
git checkout -b add_commands origin/add_commands
Switched to a new branch 'add_commands'
branch 'add_commands' set up to track 'origin/add_commands'.

用户A在分支中修改了另一个文件file1的内容，并进行了commit。

vi file1

git commit -am 'edit file1'
warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in file1.
The file will have its original line endings in your working directory
[add_commands 4fc78ae] edit file1
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

注意，此时A并未push到远端库上！

1.2.5 B再次修改并推送

在用户A提交了commit但尚未push到远端服务器时，用户B又一次更新了，并且push到了远端上：

vi readme

~/Desktop/test (add_commands)
git commit -am "second edit of B"
[add_commands 88ea401] second edit of B
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

~/Desktop/test (add_commands)
git push
Enumerating objects: 5, done.
Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
Delta compression using up to 6 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 289 bytes | 289.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
   a82933e..88ea401  add_commands -> add_commands

1.2.6 A推送报错

之后，A准备将本地代码push到远端库上时，就会报错，报错原因是远端包含了一些work但本地是没有的，其实就是用户B的最新提交和A本地的内容发生了冲突。

git push
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
 ! [rejected]        add_commands -> add_commands (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to 'https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

1.3 解决

报错原因是B提交了最新一次内容，但A是在B的上一次提交内容基础上进行修改的，所以此时A只需要将远端分支上最新的内容拉取下来，并将其与本地内容进行合并，最后重新push到远端服务器上即可。

git fetch gitee

git merge gitee/add_commands      # 此时A处在add_commands分支上
Merge made by the 'ort' strategy.
 readme | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

git push gitee
Enumerating objects: 9, done.
Counting objects: 100% (8/8), done.
Delta compression using up to 6 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Writing objects: 100% (5/5), 555 bytes | 555.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 5 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
   88ea401..5283e22  add_commands -> add_commands

远端库上，file1文件和readme文件的更新内容同时存在了。

二、场景2：不同人修改同文件的不同区域

2.1 场景描述

不同人修改了同一文件的不同区域。例如，用户A、B都对readme文件进行了修改，但修改的是文件中的不同区域部分。

2.2 场景复现

2.2.1 B修改内容

用户B修改readme文件中间区域内的内容，并进行了commit提交。

vi readme

asdfv@DESKTOP-JWJ MINGW64 ~/Desktop/test (add_commands)
$ git commit -am 'userB edit'
[add_commands 0a9d613] userB edit
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

注意，此时B是未push到远端的状态！

2.2.2 A修改内容并推送

用户A也在修改readme文件的内容，但是在另一个区域部分，例如文件末尾；
commit完成后便push到服务端。

vi readme

/g/test (add_commands)
git commit -am 'userA edit'
[add_commands 7fcd9b5] userA edit
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

/g/test (add_commands)
git push gitee
Enumerating objects: 5, done.
Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
Delta compression using up to 6 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 298 bytes | 298.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
   5283e22..7fcd9b5  add_commands -> add_commands

2.2.3 B推送报错

此时，用户B将其本地的commit去push推送到远端时，就会发生报错。

git push
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
 ! [rejected]        add_commands -> add_commands (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to 'https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

2.3 解决

用户B只需再次将远端库代码拉取到本地，并进行合并，最后重新push到远端即可。

git fetch gitee
remote: Enumerating objects: 5, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), 278 bytes | 8.00 KiB/s, done.
From https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test
   5283e22..7fcd9b5  add_commands -> gitee/add_commands

~/Desktop/test (add_commands)
git merge
Auto-merging readme
Merge made by the 'ort' strategy.
 readme | 2 ++
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

git push
Enumerating objects: 10, done.
Counting objects: 100% (10/10), done.
Delta compression using up to 6 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (6/6), done.
Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 603 bytes | 603.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 6 (delta 4), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
   7fcd9b5..2260cf2  add_commands -> add_commands

可以看到，用户A、B两人对同一文件readme的不同区域上的编辑内容都呈现出来了。

三、场景3：不同人修改同文件的同区域

3.1 场景描述

多个用户修改相同文件的相同区域。
例如，用户A和B都基于相同commit在做修改更新操作，且是对同一文件的相同区域做操作。

3.2 场景复现

3.2.1 用户A修改提交并推送

用户A修改readme文件后，进行commit之后便立即push了（先B一步推送）。

vi readme

~/Desktop/test (add_commands)
git status
On branch add_commands
Your branch is up to date with 'gitee/add_commands'.

Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
        modified:   readme

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

git commit -am 'userA edit readme'
[add_commands dd37a4d] userA edit same file same region
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

git push gitee
Enumerating objects: 5, done.
Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
Delta compression using up to 6 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 304 bytes | 304.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
   2260cf2..dd37a4d  add_commands -> add_commands

3.2.2 用户B修改提交遇报错

用户B此时也在修改readme文件，且修改的区域与用户A相同，都是在文件的末尾。

vi readme

/g/test (add_commands)
git commit -am"userB edit readme"
[add_commands 6b86e17] userB edit readme
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)

但此时用户B去push时，就会报错。

/g/test (add_commands)
git push gitee
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
 ! [rejected]        add_commands -> add_commands (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to 'https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

3.3 解决

遇到报错，那么用户B就需要先将远端库最新版本拉取下来，这边使用pull命令，但遇到告警：Automatic merge failed。这是Git在自动进行合并时发生冲突了，因为两用户都在同一文件的相同区域进行了编辑，Git就无法判断出做什么操作：是都保留、只保留A内容或者只保留B内容。这就需要用户来进行干预选择。

/g/test (add_commands)
git pull gitee
remote: Enumerating objects: 5, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), 268 bytes | 11.00 KiB/s, done.
From https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test
   a5658ce..4994050  add_commands -> gitee/add_commands
Auto-merging readme
CONFLICT (content): Merge conflict in readme
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

此时去查看readme文件的内容：

/g/test (add_commands|MERGING)
cat readme
this is a test of push

second edit
hahhahahahaha
hahahahahah
userB edit readme between haha-content
content of add_commands branch
 second edit of user B

userA edit readme in the end.

<<<<<<< HEAD
userB edit readme!!!
=======
userA edit readme!!!
>>>>>>> 4994050c587d0f11b63c5e06d2dcc7a481e6c88b

其中，<<<<<<< HEAD与"=======" 之间的内容表示为自己（用户B）的编辑内容，"======="和>>>>>>> 4994050c587d0f11b63c5e06d2dcc7a481e6c88b之间的内容为另一用户（用户A）的内容。

这边选择都保留，只需要把上面readme文件中的三处特殊标记删除并保存，最后提交commit和push即可。

vi readme
...
userB edit readme!!!
userA edit readme!!!

/g/test (add_commands|MERGING)
git status
On branch add_commands
Your branch and 'gitee/add_commands' have diverged,
and have 1 and 1 different commits each, respectively.
  (use "git pull" to merge the remote branch into yours)

You have unmerged paths.
  (fix conflicts and run "git commit")
  (use "git merge --abort" to abort the merge)

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add <file>..." to mark resolution)
        both modified:   readme

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

/g/test (add_commands|MERGING)
git commit -am'resolve 2 users content'
[add_commands b6a3675] resolve 2 users content

/g/test (add_commands)
git push
Enumerating objects: 10, done.
Counting objects: 100% (10/10), done.
Delta compression using up to 6 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (6/6), done.
Writing objects: 100% (6/6), 548 bytes | 548.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 6 (delta 4), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
   4994050..b6a3675  add_commands -> add_commands

四、场景4：同时变更文件名和内容

4.1 场景描述

多人同时变更了文件名称及其内容。

4.2 场景复现

4.2.1 用户A修改文件名

用户A对文件file1进行了重命名，并进行了commit，但尚未push。

git mv file1 file.txt

~/Desktop/test (add_commands)
git status
On branch add_commands
Your branch is up to date with 'gitee/add_commands'.

Changes to be committed:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
        renamed:    file1 -> file.txt


~/Desktop/test (add_commands)
git commit -am'mv file1 file.txt'
[add_commands 1f27e65] mv file1 file.txt
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename file1 => file.txt (100%)

4.2.2 用户B修改文件内容

用户B修改了同一文件file1的内容，且进行了commit。

/g/test (add_commands)
$ vi file1

/g/test (add_commands)
git commit -am'userB add content in file1'
[add_commands 850703b] userB add content in file1
 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+)

4.2.3 用户Apush到远端

用户A先一步进行了push，此时远端库发生了更新。

~/Desktop/test (add_commands)
git push gitee
Enumerating objects: 3, done.
Counting objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Delta compression using up to 6 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (2/2), 279 bytes | 279.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 2 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
   b6a3675..1f27e65  add_commands -> add_commands

4.2.4 用户Bpush到远端报错

后面，用户B再去push时就会报错。

/g/test (add_commands)
git push gitee
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
 ! [rejected]        add_commands -> add_commands (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to 'https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

4.3 解决

此时就需要用户B重新将远端库上最新版本库pull拉取到本地，Git会自动将两处变动进行合并（A的重命名和B的添加内容），最后重新push即可。

/g/test (add_commands)
git pull gitee
remote: Enumerating objects: 3, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 2 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (2/2), 259 bytes | 18.00 KiB/s, done.
From https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test
   b6a3675..1f27e65  add_commands -> gitee/add_commands
Merge made by the 'ort' strategy.
 file1 => file.txt | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename file1 => file.txt (100%)

/g/test (add_commands)
ls
file.txt  file2  readme

/g/test (add_commands)
cat file.txt
user A edit file1

userB edit file1!!!

/g/test (add_commands)
git push
Enumerating objects: 8, done.
Counting objects: 100% (8/8), done.
Delta compression using up to 6 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (4/4), done.
Writing objects: 100% (5/5), 651 bytes | 651.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 5 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
   1f27e65..06e4177  add_commands -> add_commands

五、场景5：多人把同一文件改成不同名称

5.1 场景描述

多个人把同一文件修改成不同的文件名称。

5.2 场景复现

5.2.1 用户A修改名称

用户A对file.txt文件进行了重命名，并提交了commit，但尚未push。

~/Desktop/test/test (add_commands)
ls
file.txt  file2.txt  fileB.html  readme

~/Desktop/test/test (add_commands)
git mv file.txt fileA.txt

~/Desktop/test/test (add_commands)
git commit -am'userA mv file.txt fileA.txt'
[add_commands 3913944] userA mv file.txt fileA.txt
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename file.txt => fileA.txt (100%)

5.2.2 用户B修改文件名

用户B对同一文件file.txt也修改了文件名，且命名不同，并最后push到了远端库上。

/g/test/test (add_commands)
git mv file.txt fileB.txt

/g/test/test (add_commands)
git commit -am'userB mv file.txt fileB.txt'
[add_commands bda28ab] userB mv file.txt fileB.txt
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename file.txt => fileB.txt (100%)

/g/test/test (add_commands)
git push origin
Enumerating objects: 3, done.
Counting objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Delta compression using up to 6 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
Writing objects: 100% (2/2), 233 bytes | 233.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 2 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
   7801623..bda28ab  add_commands -> add_commands

5.2.3 用户Apush报错

此时用户A也去push时就会报错。

~/Desktop/test/test (add_commands)
git push origin
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
 ! [rejected]        add_commands -> add_commands (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to 'https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git'
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
hint: (e.g., 'git pull ...') before pushing again.
hint: See the 'Note about fast-forwards' in 'git push --help' for details.

5.3 解决

用户Apush遇到报错，这是因为本地库与远端库发生了冲突。
那正常情况下，都是先将远端库拉取到本地，并与本地内容进行合并，但此处会遇到冲突告警。

git pull origin
remote: Enumerating objects: 3, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (2/2), done.
remote: Total 2 (delta 1), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (2/2), 213 bytes | 26.00 KiB/s, done.
From https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test
   7801623..bda28ab  add_commands -> origin/add_commands
CONFLICT (rename/rename): file.txt renamed to fileA.txt in HEAD and to fileB.txt in bda28ab39ac039e39d1243290ee35bd8624a5e64.
Automatic merge failed; fix conflicts and then commit the result.

Automatic merge failed自动合并失败，这是因为Git无法判断该保留哪种重命名。
此时用户A和B需达成一致，并最终选择其一（人工干预）。

用户A这边查看一下git的状态，并选择最后的决定（选择哪个名字）。

~/Desktop/test/test (add_commands|MERGING)
git status
On branch add_commands
Your branch and 'origin/add_commands' have diverged,
and have 1 and 1 different commits each, respectively.
  (use "git pull" to merge the remote branch into yours)

You have unmerged paths.
  (fix conflicts and run "git commit")
  (use "git merge --abort" to abort the merge)

Unmerged paths:
  (use "git add/rm <file>..." as appropriate to mark resolution)
        both deleted:    file.txt
        added by us:     fileA.txt
        added by them:   fileB.txt

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

~/Desktop/test/test (add_commands|MERGING)   # 留意MERGING，表示处于合并中
git rm file.txt
rm 'file.txt'

~/Desktop/test/test (add_commands|MERGING)
git add fileA.txt                           # 选择保留fileA.txt文件名，另外两种都删除

~/Desktop/test/test (add_commands|MERGING)
git rm fileB.txt
rm 'fileB.txt'

~/Desktop/test/test (add_commands|MERGING)
git status
On branch add_commands
Your branch and 'origin/add_commands' have diverged,
and have 1 and 1 different commits each, respectively.
  (use "git pull" to merge the remote branch into yours)

All conflicts fixed but you are still merging.
  (use "git commit" to conclude merge)

~/Desktop/test/test (add_commands|MERGING)
git commit -am'finally choose fileA.txt'         # 提交commit，并最终push到远端
[add_commands de4c6e5] finally choose fileA.txt

~/Desktop/test/test (add_commands)
git push origin
Enumerating objects: 5, done.
Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
Delta compression using up to 6 threads
Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
Writing objects: 100% (3/3), 364 bytes | 364.00 KiB/s, done.
Total 3 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
remote: Powered by GITEE.COM [GNK-6.4]
To https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test.git
   bda28ab..de4c6e5  add_commands -> add_commands

用户B这边重新拉取，更新下文件名。

/g/test/test (add_commands)
git pull
remote: Enumerating objects: 5, done.
remote: Counting objects: 100% (5/5), done.
remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 0
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), 344 bytes | 43.00 KiB/s, done.
From https://gitee.com/asdfv1929/test
   bda28ab..de4c6e5  add_commands -> origin/add_commands
Updating bda28ab..de4c6e5
Fast-forward
 fileB.txt => fileA.txt | 0
 1 file changed, 0 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-)
 rename fileB.txt => fileA.txt (100%)

/g/test/test (add_commands)
ls
file2.txt  fileA.txt  fileB.html  readme

六、总结

本文主要讲多人在单个分支上操作时常遇到的一些情形。在进行git操作时，对遇到的问题要多熟悉，能做到问题的快速定位，以及后续的及时解决。

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